CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Creating new cannabis strains

Creating a new cannabis strain is a meticulous and time-intensive process that combines science, art, and patience. It requires a deep understanding of genetics and the ability to selectively breed plants to achieve desired traits. This guide provides an overview of the process, historical milestones, and challenges faced by breeders.

Understanding the process

Strain creation involves selective breeding, where different cannabis plants are crossed to produce offspring with specific traits, such as flavour, potency, growth patterns, disease resistance, and yield. The goal is to combine the best attributes of the parent plants into a new hybrid.

  1. Aroma and flavour
  2. Potency (THC, CBD & other cannabinoid combinations)
  3. Growth characteristics (height, flowering time)
  4. Disease resistance
  5. Overall yield.

The goal is to combine the best traits of the parent plants to create a new hybrid.

Key stages of Cannabis strain creation

1. Selecting parent plant
  • The first step in creating a new strain is selecting the parent plants. Breeders typically choose two plants with complementary traits that they want to combine.
  • Example: a high-THC plant might be crossed with a high-CBD plant to create a hybrid with a balanced cannabinoid profile. The selection of male and female plants is crucial because only female plants produce the flowers that contain the cannabinoids and terpenes.
2. Pollination
  • Once the parent plants are selected, the male plant is used to pollinate the female plant. The male plant produces pollen, which fertilises the female’s flowers.
  • This step can be delicate, as breeders may choose to pollinate only a portion of the plant to ensure controlled breeding.
3. Seed collection and germination
  • After pollination, the female plant produces seeds that contain the genetic material from both parents. These seeds are collected and germinated to start the next generation of plants.
  • The genetic makeup of these seeds will combine the traits of the parent plants.
4. Stabilizing the strain
  • Once the strain is stabilised, it needs to undergo testing for consistency in cannabinoid levels, terpene profiles, and overall quality.
  • This process is called phenotype selection and is crucial for refining the strain’s qualities. It can take time and patience, as breeders might need to test several plants from each generation.
5. Phenotype selection
  • As the plants grow, breeders will select the ones that display the desired characteristics (e.g., aroma, size, potency). This process is called phenotype selection and is crucial for refining the strain’s qualities.
  • It can take time and patience, as breeders might need to test several plants from each generation.
6. Testing and refining
  • Once the strain is stabilised, it needs to undergo testing for consistency in cannabinoid levels, terpene profiles, and overall quality. This process can involve lab testing to ensure that the new strain meets the desired specifications.
  • At this stage, the breeder will also evaluate the strain’s performance in various environments (e.g., indoor, outdoor, hydroponic setups).

Time and effort!

Creating a new strain is a long-term commitment that can take anywhere from 1 to 3 years or more. The time required depends on the number of generations needed to stabilise the strain and achieve consistent, desirable traits. Each generation takes approximately 3-6 months from seed to harvest, and multiple generations may need to be grown and evaluated before the strain is ready for release.

Methods of Cannabis breeding

  1. Crossbreeding
    The most common method, where two different strains are bred together to produce offspring with mixed traits.
  2. Backcrossing
    A process where a hybrid strain is crossed back with one of its parent strains to reinforce certain desirable traits.
  3. Inbreeding
    Breeding within the same strain to maintain specific genetic traits, often used to stabilise a strain.
  4. Hybridization
    Combining traits from two different species, such as an Indica and a Sativa, to create a hybrid with mixed effects.

Famous milestones in Cannabis breeding history

1. Skunk #1 1970s-1980s One of the most influential strains in cannabis history, Skunk #1 was created by a breeder named Sam the Skunkman in the late 1970s. Skunk #1 is a hybrid of Afghan, Acapulco Gold, and Colombian Gold, and it played a significant role in shaping modern cannabis genetics. Its robust aroma and potent effects helped define the cannabis scene in the 1980s and beyond.
2. Northern Lights 1980s Northern Lights, created in the 1980s, is another legendary strain that has influenced countless hybrids. This strain, known for its relaxing effects and heavy resin production, was a game-changer for Indica-based genetics. It has been used in breeding many of today’s most popular strains.
3. OG Kush 1990s OG Kush is one of the most famous cannabis strains in the world, originating in the 1990s. Its precise origins are a bit murky, but it’s thought to be a cross between Chemdawg and a Hindu Kush plant. Known for its pungent aroma and potent effects, OG Kush has gone on to become the foundation for many modern hybrids, and it remains a staple in cannabis culture.
4. Girl Scout Cookies 2010s Girl Scout Cookies (GSC) is a more recent strain that has become a major hit in the cannabis industry. Developed in California, GSC is a hybrid of OG Kush and Durban Poison, and it has won numerous awards. Its effects are a combination of euphoria and relaxation, and its flavour profile is sweet and earthy. GSC has influenced the development of many newer strains.

Challenges and considerations in Cannabis breeding

  1. Genetic stability
    Achieving stability in a new strain can take time and requires several generations of breeding to eliminate unwanted traits. 
  2. Environmental factors
    Cannabis plants can react differently to various growing conditions, so breeders must consider how the strain will perform in different environments.
  3. Legal and regulatory issues
    Cannabis breeding and genetics can be heavily regulated depending on the jurisdiction. Breeders need to be aware of local laws and regulations when working with cannabis genetics.

Market Demand

While creating new strains, breeders must balance innovation with market trends. Many growers and consumers look for strains that offer specific effects or flavours, so breeders must take these preferences into account when developing new strains.

Endnotes

Creating a new cannabis strain is a blend of art, science, and patience. It’s not an easy or quick process, but it can lead to the development of unique and valuable strains that can make an impact on the cannabis market.

Whether you’re experimenting at home or working in a commercial breeding facility, understanding the breeding process and the historical strains that have shaped the industry will help you create a strain that stands out.

Mutant strains in Cannabis cultivation

Mutant cannabis strains offer a unique glimpse into the plant’s genetic possibilities. From unusual leaf shapes to rare growth patterns, these strains capture the interest of hobbyists and challenge traditional cultivation methods. Below is an in-depth look at their traits, benefits, drawbacks, and cultivation considerations.

What exactly are mutant strains?

Mutant strains result from genetic variations or intentional breeding, leading to plants with atypical traits. These mutations may be natural or induced and can impact the plant’s physical appearance, growth habits, or cannabinoid profile.

Whorled phyllotaxy Three branches or leaves per node instead of the standard two.
Duckfoot leaves Broad, webbed leaves that disguise the plant’s identity.
Creeper phenotypes Plants grow horizontally before extending vertically.
Albino strains Pale or white plants due to lack of chlorophyll, often resulting in weak growth.

Advantages and disadvantages of mutant strains

  • PROS
  • Unique appearance: Eye-catching traits set mutant strains apart, appealing to hobbyists and collectors.
  • Stealth benefits: Traits like duckfoot leaves disguise cannabis plants, making them less recognisable.
  • Experimental profiles: Mutants may offer unique cannabinoid or terpene combinations for research or recreation.
  • Pest/Disease resistance: Rare mutations may improve the plant’s natural defences.
  • CONS
  • Unpredictable growth: Irregular patterns may complicate training and overall management.
  • Lower yields: Many mutants are less productive, making them unsuitable for high-yield cultivation.
  • Weakened health: Some mutations (e.g., albinism) reduce photosynthetic capacity and overall plant vigour.
  • Inconsistency: Not all seeds in a pack will show the same mutation.
  • Limited availability: Stable mutant strains are hard to find and may come with a premium price.

Safety and stability

  1. Inconsistency
    Not all plants will express the desired mutation, even in stabilised seeds.
  2. Health risks
    Some mutations increase susceptibility to stress or pests.
  3. Vigour |
    Regular monitoring and supportive techniques are often required to ensure plant health.

Is growing mutant strains worth it?

Mutant strains provide a unique growing experience but may not suit every grower.

Grower type Recommendation
Hobbyists & collectors A fun and experimental challenge for personal or small-scale grows.
Commercial growers Avoid unless targeting niche markets or boutique products.
Beginner growers Start with standard strains before tackling the unpredictability of mutants.

Useful tips

1. Source seeds from reputable breeders Choose breeders with a track record of stabilising genetics to ensure consistent results.
2. Monitor closely during key-phases Mutant strains may have unique needs during sensitive phases like (Main) Vegetation and Pre-Flowering.
3. Training guidelines
  • Use gentle LST methods such as bending to manage irregular growth.
  • Avoid intense HST techniques like topping on plants with weak vigour.
4. Optimise conditions
  • Maintain optimal temperatures and humidity, adjusting for strain-specific demands.
  • Pay close attention to pH levels and nutrient uptake.
    

The best strain has yet to be created

Cannabis is a dynamic and ever-evolving plant, with breeders around the globe constantly pushing boundaries to create better strains tailored to specific needs. From soothing relaxation to an energetic creative buzz, there’s a strain for everyone. However, no single strain can claim the title of “best”—the best strain for you depends on your goals, preferences, and context.

Below, we’ve compiled top-10 lists of popular strains across a variety of categories, based on competition wins, community favourites, and renowned genetics. These lists aim to highlight diversity, but they cannot encompass every legendary strain—some gems may still be left undiscovered!

Top 10 strains for Relaxation

Strain Type Description
Northern Lights HI A timeless indica-dominant hybrid known for its calming body high and sweet, earthy aroma. Ideal for stress relief.
Bubba Kush HI Offers deep physical relaxation and a unique coffee-like flavour. Perfect for unwinding after a tough day.
Ice Cream Cake I This indica-dominant hybrid delivers muscle relaxation and stress relief with a sweet vanilla aroma.
Granddaddy Purple I Grape and berry notes combine with potent effects for a soothing end-of-day experience.
Zkittlez I A fruity indica that provides a peaceful body high without overwhelming sedation.
Purple Kush I A pure indica delivering long-lasting tranquillity with a sweet, earthy flavour.
El Patron HI A hybrid offering introspective moments or relaxed socialising with citrusy undertones.
Hindu Kush I This landrace strain from the Hindu Kush mountains is famed for its grounding and meditative effects.
Blueberry Kush I A cross of Blueberry and OG Kush, this strain offers sedative effects and a deliciously fruity aroma.
Strawberry Banana HI Sweet flavours and mellow effects make this strain a favourite for relieving stress and enhancing moods.

Top 10 Strains for Creativity and Energy

Strain Type Description
Jack Herer HS Named after the cannabis activist, this sativa-dominant hybrid sparks creativity and focus.
Super Silver Haze S An energetic sativa with long-lasting cerebral effects.
Sour Diesel S A classic sativa with an invigourating and uplifting high.
Pineapple Express H Balanced effects and tropical flavours make it perfect for brainstorming and creative tasks.
Trainwreck H A hybrid with intense cerebral stimulation, ideal for breaking through creative blocks.
Durban Poison S A pure sativa that promotes focus and productivity while elevating mood.
Amnesia Haze HS Known for its energising effects and citrusy aroma.
Purple Haze S Delivers a euphoric, artistic buzz with fruity undertones.
Green Crack S A zesty sativa that energises and sharpens concentration.
Lemon Skunk H A hybrid with a citrusy aroma that inspires and uplifts.

Top 10 Award-Winning strains

Strain Type Description
Blue Dream HS A balanced hybrid known for its sweet berry aroma and uplifting effects.
Northern Lights HI Famed for its reliability, potency, and relaxing qualities.
White Widow H A legendary hybrid with resin-coated buds and a powerful balanced high.
Gorilla Glue #4 H Known for its potency and sticky resin production.
Amnesia Haze HS A multiple Cannabis Cup winner with energising effects and a citrusy profile.
Super Lemon Haze S A bright, zesty sativa with multiple accolades and invigourating effects.
Granddaddy Purple I A top indica for relaxation, celebrated for its grape-like aroma and potency.
OG Kush I A staple of cannabis culture, known for its earthy, piney aroma and relaxing effects.
Sour Diesel S A pungent, uplifting sativa loved by enthusiasts worldwide.
Girl Scout Cookies H Combines euphoric cerebral stimulation with physical relaxation.

Top 10 Autoflowering strains

Strain Type Description
AK-47 Auto H A compact hybrid with a balanced high and sweet, earthy flavours.
Northern Lights Auto HI A reliable indica-dominant strain with a sweet aroma and relaxing effects.
Amnesia Haze Auto S Energising and citrusy, perfect for daytime use and short grow cycles.
Blueberry Auto I Fruity and calming, ideal for beginners and compact grow spaces.
Jack Herer Auto HS Offers uplifting effects and spicy, piney flavours in a fast-growing package.
White Widow Auto H A classic hybrid with resinous buds, delivering a smooth, balanced high.
Royal Dwarf I A petite plant with fruity aromas, great for discreet setups.
Green Crack Auto S Delivers an energising buzz and citrusy notes in a short grow cycle.
Gorilla Glue Auto H Sticky, potent, and relaxing, ideal for small-scale cultivation.
Pineapple Express Auto H Tropical flavours and uplifting effects in an easy-to-grow strain.

Top 10 Legendary Cannabis strains: seeds of myth and mastery

These legendary strains have etched their names in cannabis history, prized for their pure genetics, unique effects, and cultural impact.

Strain Type Description
Panama Red S A pure sativa from Panama, famous in the 1960s and 70s for its energetic and cerebral high. Its long flowering time (12–14 weeks) and moderate potency make it a nostalgic choice for enthusiasts.
Acapulco Gold H A revered landrace strain from Mexico, known for its golden hues, sweet aroma, and uplifting effects. Difficult to cultivate due to its tropical lineage.
>Malawi S A pure African sativa with powerful, psychedelic effects. Renowned for its long flowering time and unique earthy and citrus notes.
Durban Poison S This South African strain delivers a clear, focused high. Its resistance to mould and pests makes it popular for outdoor grows, though its pure sativa genetics demand patience.
Hindu Kush I A pure indica from the rugged mountains between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Known for its resinous buds and tranquil effects, it’s a cornerstone of many hybrid strains today.
Neville’s Haze S A sativa-dominant strain named after legendary breeder Neville Schoenmakers. It offers a powerful cerebral high but requires a long flowering time and expert care.
Lamb’s Bread S A pure Jamaican sativa reputed to be a favourite of Bob Marley. Its uplifting and energetic effects make it a cultural icon, but its tropical growth needs can be challenging to replicate.
Thai Stick S A rare Thai landrace strain once famous for its potent buds tied onto sticks. Known for its spicy, floral aroma and soaring high, it’s an exotic relic of the past.
Colombian Gold S A pure sativa landrace from Colombia with a sweet, citrusy aroma and uplifting effects. Highly demanding to cultivate due to its long flowering period and preference for high altitudes.
Afghani #1 I A pure indica landrace from Afghanistan, prized for its heavy resin production and sedative effects. It’s foundational to many modern indica hybrids.

I: Indica, S: Sativa, H: Hybrid 50/50, HI: Indica-dominant and HS: Sativa-dominant hybrid.

Skunk, Kush, Haze: familial conspiracies

Modern cannabis cultivation has been shaped by certain key genetic families, each with unique characteristics, origins, and effects. From the legendary Skunk, Kush, and Haze, considered "must-haves" in the cannabis world, to other categories like Diesel, Cookies, and Landrace strains, the options are limitless.

Skunk Origin Developed in the USA during the 1970s, combining Sativa and Indica genetics.
Characteristics Skunk is known for its pungent smell, reminiscent of a "skunk spray" (hence the name). It offers balanced effects and serves as the foundation for many modern hybrid strains.
Kush Origin The Hindu Kush mountain range spanning Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Characteristics Indica-dominant Kush strains provide deep relaxation, dense flowers, and earthy, woody aromas with spicy undertones. They are often used to reduce anxiety and combat insomnia.
Haze Origin Originated from crosses of Sativa strains from Colombia, Mexico, Thailand, and South India during the 1960s–70s.
Characteristics Haze is a Sativa-dominant family with strong cerebral effects and a euphoric sensation. Its aromas are spicy, citrusy, and earthy.